{"id":48093,"date":"2020-10-26T12:01:41","date_gmt":"2020-10-26T11:01:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.apartamentomagazine.com\/?p=48093"},"modified":"2021-11-10T12:19:53","modified_gmt":"2021-11-10T11:19:53","slug":"enzo-mari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.apartamentomagazine.com\/stories\/enzo-mari\/","title":{"rendered":"Enzo Mari"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Almost. Look at your hand. We could look at a child\u2019s hand, or at a girl\u2019s hand, at an old lady\u2019s hand\u2026 They are all very different, but you can\u2019t really say that my hand is more beautiful than yours\u2026 A hand has to grab things. In order to grab things, it\u2019s made of inner&#8230;<\/p>\n \t\t<div class=\"woocommerce\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"woocommerce-info wc-memberships-restriction-message wc-memberships-message wc-memberships-content-restricted-message\">\n\t\t\t\tTo access this post, you must purchase <span class=\"wc-memberships-products-grant-access\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.apartamentomagazine.com\/product\/apartamento-membership\/\">Apartamento Membership<\/a><\/span>.\t\t    <\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Almost. Look at your hand. We could look at a child\u2019s hand, or at a girl\u2019s hand, at an old lady\u2019s hand\u2026 They are all very different, but you can\u2019t really say that my hand is more beautiful than yours\u2026 A hand has to grab things. In order to grab things, it\u2019s made of inner&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"woocommerce\">\n<div class=\"woocommerce-info wc-memberships-restriction-message wc-memberships-message wc-memberships-content-restricted-message\">\n\t\t\t\tTo access this post, you must purchase <span class=\"wc-memberships-products-grant-access\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.apartamentomagazine.com\/product\/apartamento-membership\/\">Apartamento Membership<\/a><\/span>.\t\t    <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":48131,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[474,75],"class_list":["post-48093","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-interview","tag-design","tag-art","authors-marco-velardi","authors-tim-small","text_author-tim-small","photo_author-marco-velardi","membership-content","access-restricted"],"acf":{"link_archive":false,"archive_story":null,"archive_bg":"#F5F4EE","archive_title_color":"#000000","cover_bg":"#F5F4EE","cover_title_color":"#ffffff","body_bg":"#F5F4EE","body_text_color":"#000000","body_captions_color":"#666666","related_bg":"#249e61","related_text_color":"#000000","stories_bg":"#ffffff","alternative_image":48519,"hover_image":48144,"credits":"Interview by Tim Small\r\nPhotography by Marco Velardi","title_format":"center","font_size":"medium","image_format":"cover","hero_image_mobile":null,"video":"","video_excerpt":"","video_format":"regular","content":[{"acf_fc_layout":"two_blocks","block_sizes":"half_40_60","content_type_left":"credits","image_size_left":"regular","image_left":null,"video_left_url":"","video_caption_left":"","video_left_type":false,"text_left":"","credit_image":48504,"credit_link_left":"","content_type_right":"text","image_size_right":"regular","image_right":null,"video_right_url":"","video_caption_right":"","video_right_type":false,"text_right":"<em>The following interview was originally published in Apartamento magazine issue #4.<\/em>\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<strong>Milan<\/strong>: I was in a really tight spot when Marco\u2019s iChat bubble came up on my screen, asking me if I wanted to interview Enzo Mari. I didn\u2019t know what to say. Why me? I just didn\u2019t get it. I\u2019ve never been interested in design, or architecture, or chairs and whatnot. To me a chair is something I sit on when I work, read, eat, and watch TV. That\u2019s it. I just don\u2019t care about it and I don\u2019t know anything about it. Now, you might ask me, \u2018So why are you bothering me with your thoughts? Why are your words even on this page, guy?\u2019 Well, the answer is simple. I just couldn\u2019t say no to Enzo Mari. Even I\u2014a person who has never set foot in a design store and who doesn\u2019t know the names of more than seven living architects\u2014have total, absolute respect for Enzo Mari. He is a living legend who transcends the boundaries of his practice, whose linear, clean designs are as graceful as his mind and as tough as his no-holds-barred attitude. A man who called Rem Koolhaas a \u2018pornographic window dresser\u2019 is a man I couldn\u2019t say no to. So, here is our conversation. We ended up talking about form, the essence of design, capitalism, and the intelligence of children. Enjoy."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image_size":"regular","gallery":[48285]},{"acf_fc_layout":"interview","interview":[{"question":"<span class=\"red_underline\">Hello, Enzo<\/span>. <span class=\"red_underline\">I\u2019m sorry to start with a bummer, but I\u2019d like to come clean and say that I\u00a0don\u2019t know a thing about design<\/span>. <span class=\"red_underline\">And that\u2019s that<\/span>. <span class=\"red_underline\">The good thing is that this allows me to ask the following question genuinely<\/span>. <span class=\"red_underline\">If you were to convince somebody who doesn\u2019t know anything about design, somebody like me, of the value of your practice, what would you say<\/span>?","answer":"I obviously would have to talk about my own experience. I always try to understand what is objective about design... beyond the obvious interpretations and the myriads of opinions. Sociologists say it\u2019s a suitcase-word, in which everybody puts whatever they want. When I was younger I used to detest the use of this English word, and, while writing, I preferred to use the Italian word for the term project, <em>progetto<\/em>. That\u2019s because even 50 years ago I already didn\u2019t like anything that was being done. Design should correspond to the essence of form, which is a very different thing from the formalism of \u2018art pompier\u2019."},{"question":"<span class=\"red_underline\">OK, so, what gives rise to the idea of the project<\/span>?","answer":"Well, whenever something that exists is hideous. It\u2019s hideous because it\u2019s a pollutant, or obsolete, or redundant. Basically something could be hideous for various reasons. Ancient projects were created by artists or artisans, in coherence with a humanistic culture that permeated their world, without them being overtaken by industry and the exploitation of the global market. Design has a social responsibility; it should have an effect on collective thought. Those who deal with design have to try to find a new way, to negate what isn\u2019t working. It\u2019s not easy. It\u2019s not easy because whoever does this job is permeated by the banality of collective thought himself. Today we tend to avoid honouring our father and mother, the first of our commandments. This means: honour your history. I don\u2019t mean this rhetorically. History can teach us by the way that it repeats itself. It can teach you how to distinguish what\u2019s correct from what\u2019s not. When we talk about a good project, we talk about an essential shape that could not be any different, that has no alternatives. If it does have alternatives, this means the shape is not essential, it means its shape is, at most, dull, if not awful. When we speak about the quality of the shape in schools we speak about formalism, more or less decorative, about things that are in style, but this is formalism, nobody talks about the form or the shape. And I say this because we know we can never define aesthetics in rational terms."},{"question":"<span class=\"red_underline\">Why would you say that<\/span>?","answer":"Well, our only references come from masterpieces that were completed hundreds, if not thousands of years ago. Only one or two can be completed in a century, and this is because the perfect shape deals with everything that contributes to its production, which is infinite; that basically means all the knowledge in the real world and in the potential world. We cannot forget that every invention contains the history that leads us to it, like man\u2019s process of knowledge."}]},{"acf_fc_layout":"two_blocks","block_sizes":"half_50_50","content_type_left":"image","image_size_left":"regular","image_left":48147,"video_left_url":"","video_caption_left":"","video_left_type":false,"text_left":"","credit_image":null,"credit_link_left":null,"content_type_right":"image","image_size_right":"regular","image_right":48145,"video_right_url":"","video_caption_right":"","video_right_type":false,"text_right":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"two_blocks","block_sizes":"half_50_50","content_type_left":"image","image_size_left":"regular","image_left":48521,"video_left_url":"","video_caption_left":"","video_left_type":false,"text_left":"","credit_image":null,"credit_link_left":null,"content_type_right":"image","image_size_right":"regular","image_right":48129,"video_right_url":"","video_caption_right":"","video_right_type":false,"text_right":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"interview","interview":[{"question":"<span class=\"red_underline\">Would you give me an example of what you consider a masterpiece<\/span>?","answer":"Take the Erechtheum. When I see what remains of it, it touches my heart. It\u2019s like seeing God. The form is absolutely perfect. Le Corbusier, before majoring in architecture, went and studied Athens\u2019 acropolis, and that is where he learnt the ropes. I\u2019m not talking about neo-classicism, but that is the quality level we should aim at. I should add one more thing. Aesthetics is a word that sounds very close to ethics. There are actual correlations between these two words. We can write about ethics. Almost all the great philosophers wrote about ethics. We can practise ethics. Simple, down-to-earth people, farmers, they live ethically. But, speaking of a famous person, Gandhi lived ethically. He behaved ethically. When we look at what men have done, we see that only those great masterpieces\u2014Piero della Francesca\u2019s Flagellation rather than the Sistine Chapel or Caravaggio\u2019s paintings\u2014communicate ethics."},{"question":"<span class=\"red_underline\">So the project, using the word you prefer, is an instrument that can change the world and make it better<\/span>. <span class=\"red_underline\">I\u2019m curious as to how you would teach something like that<\/span>.","answer":"Projects can only be taught concretely. It can\u2019t be done abstractly, using fragmented, banal theories, but only by intervening critically in a student\u2019s practice. Every time I asked them to choose what to design, they would propose things like\u2014like chairs, say: things that have already been designed thousands of times before. I would say all the time, \u2018Look out the window. If everything you see outside is beautiful, and right, and you approve of it, there\u2019s nothing left to design. If there is something that makes you want to choke the designer and the commissioner with your own bare hands, something that horrifies you, that is the reason of your project\u2019."},{"question":"<span class=\"red_underline\">I\u00a0like the parallel between beautiful and right<\/span>. <span class=\"red_underline\">Like you think they mean the same thing<\/span>.","answer":"Almost. Look at your hand. We could look at a child\u2019s hand, or at a girl\u2019s hand, at an old lady\u2019s hand. They are all very different, but you can\u2019t really say that my hand is more beautiful than yours. A hand has to grab things. In order to grab things, it\u2019s made of inner workings, bones, muscles, then the blood that runs through it, etc. It can\u2019t be in any other way. A hand is always right."},{"question":"<span class=\"red_underline\">And therefore it\u2019s beautiful<\/span>?","answer":"Therefore it\u2019s beautiful. The problem would only arise if I were to paint this hand. If we were to sculpt it. That\u2019s when difficulties arise, because the reasons for that representation are going to be different from those of the natural hand. These reasons would have to be defined with the same quality. It\u2019s right; therefore it\u2019s beautiful. From this point of view, there are no categories of beauty. They can exist if we\u2019re talking on a formalist level, we can say that a thing is more or less beautiful. But we can\u2019t have rules that say how to artificially create beauty."}]},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image_size":"regular","gallery":[48125]},{"acf_fc_layout":"interview","interview":[{"question":"<span class=\"red_underline\">During your creative career, how many truly beautiful projects did you design, in your opinion<\/span>?","answer":"I need time to work on things. If somebody else needs two hours, I need a year. But I know very clearly who my masters are: Piero della Francesca or Michelangelo Merisi, and I try to stand up to them. I have that standard of quality, even if I am forced to work on objects that are limited by banal functions. The cultural horizon of Masaccio, for example, is total, absolute, it encompasses everything, it's infinite. The form that the painter then realises is an essence, and allegory. I try my best, but I am aware of my objective limits. And my projects have to deal with a manufacturing process. Industry is based upon specialisation, and every person that works within it wears blinders. They just need to know their specific little technique and totally ignore the rest of the process, while the key of beauty is the global tension of it. This is impossible to do in industry. You see, industry is a monster; it reduces all of humanity, even those who think they are outside of it, to simple robots."},{"question":"<span class=\"red_underline\">Let\u2019s talk about children and childhood<\/span>. <span class=\"red_underline\">I\u00a0seem to understand you feel limited within the boundaries of the \u2018functionality cage\u2019, let\u2019s say<\/span>.","answer":"An object has to respond to its function. For example, a chair needs to obey certain ergonomic dimensions. If I design an ashtray, it needs to be very stable, easy to wash, reliable, and good for putting out a cigarette. Even if the best ashtray possible is not owning an ashtray. In today\u2019s banality, when the market asks for certain things\u2014"},{"question":"<span class=\"red_underline\">OK<\/span>. <span class=\"red_underline\">Well, I\u00a0wonder if you followed the same reasoning when you worked on projects for children<\/span>.","answer":"Then my first statement needs to be about children. Look, there is less difference between a 20-year-old Australian Aborigine and a 70-year-old Swedish professor than there is between a three- and a six-year-old child. We\u2019re talking about an evolution that can\u2019t be generalised: from two months up to one year we have one situation, from one year to two and a half years we have a completely different situation, and so on. It\u2019s true that we can talk about this long period of time that we call \u2018childhood\u2019, but watch out when you hear the words \u2018kid\u2019s room\u2019 or \u2018kid\u2019s toys\u2019. There are always several toys, and they are very different from one another. We can\u2019t generalise. You know, I\u2019d give a Nobel Prize to every kid that turns a year and a half."}]},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image_size":"regular","gallery":[48505]},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image_size":"regular","gallery":[48510]},{"acf_fc_layout":"interview","interview":[{"question":"<span class=\"red_underline\">Ha<\/span>. <span class=\"red_underline\">Why<\/span>?","answer":"The mental capacity in the first year of any human life is superior to Einstein\u2019s as an adult. The new-born baby doesn\u2019t know anything, he doesn\u2019t know what space is, what time is, what language is, and he knows nothing. He isn\u2019t even aware that he has hands, and, not only doesn\u2019t he know a single thing, he doesn\u2019t even know that he himself exists, and you can\u2019t teach him anything. Autonomously, he experiments with movement and he deduces possible descriptions, after which he correlates these descriptions with others and goes out to experience the world again. It\u2019s the process of praxis and theory that is at the very base of all human knowledge.\r\nI am worried about the survival of toys. That kind of dump that is a kid\u2019s room today is completely made of stuff imposed on the child, ugly objects bought by aunts and parents. The child himself never buys anything. And the things we buy them are \u2018childish\u2019, usually gifts, so they have to be showy.\r\nHave you ever realised that when you give a toy to a kid, he sometimes doesn\u2019t even look at it, he\u2019s not interested, sometimes he even breaks it? He doesn\u2019t care, because in his experience-process he\u2019s just not there yet, or maybe he\u2019s already past that level. If he\u2019s past that, he doesn\u2019t care whether the little toy is big and yellow and green or that it has little bears on top of it. His problem is knowledge-related. The kid does not play to use up free time; he\u2019s working to know the world. So if he breaks the toy, he breaks it because he\u2019s angry, or just because he wants to see what\u2019s inside of it.\r\nI\u00a0made a toy, a wooden puzzle, known as<em> 16 Animali\u00a0<\/em>(16 Animals, 1959). It was very difficult to piece together, and the animals were very lifelike, not childish, and they became characters in a potentially infinite story. Children love to hear stories. I used to tell a lot of stories to my children, but then after a while, as I had the vocation of never repeating the same story twice, I must say it became very tiring to keep inventing them. So I thought, \u2018Why not let the children tell themselves their own story?\u2019 Therefore, I created the card game<em> Il\u00a0Gioco delle Favole <\/em>(The Fable Game, 1965), I\u00a0chose the animal characters from Aesop\u2019s and La Fontaine\u2019s classic fables, and I\u00a0added some basic scenarios and attached them all to cards, so that the child\u2019s free association and the composition of the animals and scenarios would suggest different stories. I\u00a0wanted my toys to be freeing, not limiting, without putting dampers on the possibilities of play."}]},{"acf_fc_layout":"two_blocks","block_sizes":"half_50_50","content_type_left":"image","image_size_left":"regular","image_left":48134,"video_left_url":"","video_caption_left":"","video_left_type":false,"text_left":"","credit_image":null,"credit_link_left":null,"content_type_right":"image","image_size_right":"regular","image_right":48133,"video_right_url":"","video_caption_right":"","video_right_type":false,"text_right":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"two_blocks","block_sizes":"half_50_50","content_type_left":"image","image_size_left":"regular","image_left":48273,"video_left_url":"","video_caption_left":"","video_left_type":false,"text_left":"","credit_image":null,"credit_link_left":null,"content_type_right":"image","image_size_right":"regular","image_right":48270,"video_right_url":"","video_caption_right":"","video_right_type":false,"text_right":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"interview","interview":[{"question":"<span class=\"red_underline\">You said the animals in <em>16 Animali<\/em>\u00a0were very lifelike, which brings to my mind your Pop chair in the Me Too catalogue for Magis<\/span>. <span class=\"red_underline\">It looks like the only object in the whole catalogue that isn\u2019t childish<\/span>.","answer":"First off: before the Pop chair, there was no catalogue. I answered Magis\u2019 request that I make a chair that could be sold for under 100\u20ac. So I designed it, and it was what is now the Pop chair, but bigger, for grown-ups. Then we discovered that the material is really cheap, but the production process is really expensive, because they could mould only one chair at a time. The businessman found out that it would have sold for 200\u20ac, which was crazy for such a poor, flimsy material. So we thought, 'What if we make the chair smaller and the machine could put out maybe five or six chairs at a time?' So we went back to the businessman, and the little chair could have been sold for under 50\u20ac and so we made the first Pop chair for children.\r\nAnd it works. I\u00a0gave a couple of prototypes to some friends that have little kids and I\u00a0discovered this little chair became to them just like Linus Van Pelt\u2019s blanket in <em>Peanuts<\/em>. You can carry it around, it\u2019s really light, and the child could walk with his tiny chair always with him."},{"question":"<span class=\"red_underline\">That\u2019s wonderful<\/span>.","answer":"I don\u2019t want to make things in children\u2019s style. I treat children like they are adults and I use my techniques for what they are. I don\u2019t want to be slapdash about the form. I want it to be perfect. So if I design a kids\u2019 chair, I design the object with its shape and with technical reasons and ergonomics in mind, without adding some Donald Duck or some bears on top of it. Why should I treat a child like a moron?"},{"question":"<span class=\"red_underline\">You once said, and I\u2019m paraphrasing here, that the object of design is not to give pleasure to the person who uses the product, but to give pleasure to the workers who produce it<\/span>.","answer":"That\u2019s my utopian idea, to liberate them from the alienation of industry. It\u2019s not such an abstract idea, after all. On the one hand, industries are trying to fire as much as they can because every industrial cost is always measured on the cost of labour. Keep in mind that there\u2019s a common, unbreakable rule among economists: the public pays 3\u20ac for every minute of a worker\u2019s job on the production line.\r\nWhen you hear politicians talk about how we need to help industries that make investments in technical equipment, it\u2019s a joke, because the industries\u2019 investments finalised are aimed at reducing the human workforce. So, to return to my utopian idea, obviously every worker has a right to a good wage, but he can also ask to feel part of a project. If you talk with workers in car factories, and you ask them what they like of their job, well, if for their whole life they have worked with bolts, they will talk about the essence of that bolt. Making a perfect bolt becomes the dignity of that man\u2019s work. He will never say that he is proud of that particular car model. He will say that he is proud of his bolt."}]},{"acf_fc_layout":"two_blocks","block_sizes":"half_50_50","content_type_left":"image","image_size_left":"regular","image_left":48155,"video_left_url":"","video_caption_left":"","video_left_type":false,"text_left":"","credit_image":null,"credit_link_left":null,"content_type_right":"image","image_size_right":"regular","image_right":48128,"video_right_url":"","video_caption_right":"","video_right_type":false,"text_right":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"two_blocks","block_sizes":"half_50_50","content_type_left":"image","image_size_left":"regular","image_left":48127,"video_left_url":"","video_caption_left":"","video_left_type":false,"text_left":"","credit_image":null,"credit_link_left":null,"content_type_right":"image","image_size_right":"regular","image_right":48132,"video_right_url":"","video_caption_right":"","video_right_type":false,"text_right":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"interview","interview":[{"question":"<span class=\"red_underline\">I\u00a0am curious to know your thoughts about IKEA<\/span>.","answer":"IKEA was created 80 years ago by two craftsmen that came up with a catchphrase. They said, \u2018We want to make objects that every single person can afford, no matter what his income is\u2019. Which is a good thing, because they did all the work. But today it\u2019s a monster, it\u2019s the biggest sales system in the world. And this monster does not produce the objects directly; it has them made by its consumers. IKEA is a commercial system, not a factory. Things are bought wherever they cost less. Like in China, where a worker gets paid less than a dollar a day. The consumers might be happy about the lower cost of each object, but what about those whose job it is to produce that object?"},{"question":"<span class=\"red_underline\">The only thing I know about good design is that it has to be functional, beautiful, and affordable<\/span>. <span class=\"red_underline\">Especially affordable. And that\u2019s where the conflict gets interesting, to me: how to make things that don\u2019t cost much for the consumer, who is at the same time a worker and a producer and sales assistant, and therefore has a limited income, who cannot and should not be exploited in the interest of lowering prices<\/span>. <span class=\"red_underline\">How do you get over that tension, that balance<\/span>?","answer":"In the Italian design industry\u2014in the more decent ones\u2014all contracts are national: I know it\u2019s not much, but it\u2019s always better than black market labour or Chinese labour. Italian design objects are expensive because the shops look like art galleries rather than shops, and also work like galleries, in that they don\u2019t care about the mass market. They have really high costs. Some of them really exaggerate. Anyway, you brought up a major issue: the design object, as a good, is only available to a limited number of people."},{"question":"<span class=\"red_underline\">In <em>Social Killer<\/em>, Mark Ames makes a parallel between people that go postal on their workplace and kill their colleagues, and slave\u2019s revolts<\/span>. <span class=\"red_underline\">He says that capitalism is, essentially, a form of slavery and therefore that these people who go insane and kill everybody are essentially to be seen as slaves revolting against their masters<\/span>. <span class=\"red_underline\">What do you think of that<\/span>?","answer":"Capitalism, paradoxically, is worse than slavery. Wherever there was slavery, there was the possibility for that slave to be freed, even if he was not treated as a human and could be sold and traded like an object. And he was also, ideally, cared for with a roof and meals for his whole life. Comparing that to the situation of manual labourers in modern capitalism, well, you know, <em>vaffanculo<\/em>."}]},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image_size":"regular","gallery":[48144]}],"related_text":"Apartamento magazine issue #26\r\nNow available for pre-order!","issue":[36138],"button_text":"Pre-order the new issue!"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Enzo Mari &#8212; Apartamento Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"I was in a really tight spot when Marco\u2019s iChat bubble came up on my screen, asking me if I wanted to interview Enzo Mari.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.apartamentomagazine.com\/stories\/enzo-mari\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Enzo Mari &#8212; 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